The photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a versatile and sensitive detector of radiant energy in the ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The basic sensing element of the PMT is the photocathode which is located inside a vacuum envelope. When light strikes the photocathode, photoelectrons are emitted and directed by an appropriate electric field to a dynode within the envelope. A number of secondary electrons are emitted at this dynode for each impinging primary photoelectron. These secondary electrons are directed to a second dynode and so on until a final very high gain is achieved. The electrons from the last dynode are collected by an anode which provides the signal current that is read.
RCA is credited with developing the first single stage commercial PMT in 1935. Early on PMTs found application in astronomy and spectroscopy. An unexpected application was developed during World War II when the photomultiplier was used as a "white noise" source for radar jamming. A proliferation of PMT designs followed the invention of the scintillation counter shortly after the war. PMTs with semitransparent photocathodes deposited on an end window could be coupled directly to the scintillation crystal, usually NaI doped with thallium. During the 1950's, PMTs were used in headlight dimmers on thousands of automobiles, first available on only Cadillacs and Oldsmobiles.
The following is a partial list of PMT's we have used or found in various well logging tools:
Mfg. Model Construction Pin Max Volts Max Temp
2 Inch Tubes (51 / 52 mm)
H R1044 Box and Grid/12d 19 2000v 175ºC H R1640 Linear Focus/12d 21 2500v 175ºC H R4607-01 Circular Cage/10d 15 1800v 175ºC T 9207B Linear Focus/13d 19 2300v 175ºC T 9727B Venetian Blind/13d 19 2300v 175ºC B C31000AJ-90 Linear Focus/12d 21 2500v 90ºC B C31000AJ Linear Focus/12d 21 2500v 150ºC B C31000AJ-175 Linear Focus/12d 21 2500v 175ºC B C31000AP-90 Linear Focus/12d 21 2500v 90ºC B C31000AP Linear Focus/12d 21 2500v 150ºC B C31000AP-175 Linear Focus/12d 21 2500v 175ºC P/Ph XP2206 Linear Focus/10d 19 1700v 130ºC
1-1/2 Inch Tubes (38 / 39 mm)
H/R 6199 Circular Cage/10d 12 1250v 50ºC H R1705 Circular Cage/10d TB 1800v 175ºC H R1705-01 Circular Cage/10d 14 1800v 175ºC T 9948B Linear Focus/10d 14 1600v 175ºC B 2060 Circular cage/10d FL 1250v 75ºC B/R? 6199 Circular cage/10d FL 1250v 75ºC Ph XP2016 Linear Focus/10d 14 1700v 130ºC
1-3/8 Inch Tubes (34 mm)
H R1317-05 Venetian Blind/12d FL 3000v 175ºC
1-1/4 Inch Tubes (32 mm)
H R1638-05 Venetian Blind/12d FL 3000v 175ºC B C83060C Circular Cage/10d 14 1800v 90ºC B C83060D Circular Cage/10d 14 1800v 150ºC B C83060E Circular Cage/10d 14 1800v 175ºC
1-1/8 Inch Tubes (28 / 29 / 30 mm)
H R268* *** Box and Grid/11d 14 1500v 50ºC H R6094* Box and Line/11d 14 1500v 50ºC H R6095* Box and Line/11d 14 1500v 50ºC H R1282-04 Box and Grid/11d 14 2500v 90ºC H R1282 Box and Grid/11d 14 2500v 175ºC T 9924B Box and Grid/11d 14 2000v 60ºC T 9125B* Linear Focus/11d 14 2000v ? E 9268B* ** Box and Grid/11d 14 2000v 60ºC T 9524B*(S11) Box and Grid/11d 14 2000v 60ºC T 9878B Box and Grid/11d 14 2000v 175ºC T 9888B Box and Grid/11d 14 2000v 175ºC T 9908B Box and Grid/11d 14 2000v 175ºC B S(C)83068E* In Line Cage/10d 14 1700v 70ºC P XP2982* Linear Focus/11d 14 2000v 50/80ºC Ph XP2982* Linear Focus/11d 14 1900v 50ºC A B29B01H* Box and Grid/11d 14 1300v 50ºC A B29B02H* Box and Grid/11d 14 1300v 50ºC R C31059* Very Obsolete D DM3123* Very Obsolete
*Compatible with the 9924B (low temperature applications); R6094 and B29B01H are shortened versions. **The 9268 is essentially a 9924 with special lower pricing ($175.00 in April, 2001). ***The popular R268, for idiotic reasons known only to Hamamatsu, has been discontinued. The R6095 is the suggested replacement, but its linear construction is probably less rugged than the old R268 box and grid design.
1 Inch Tubes (25 mm)
H R1288-04 Circular Cage/10d TB 1800v 90ºC H R1288-06 Circular Cage/10d 14 1800v 90ºC H R1288 Circular Cage/10d TB 1800v 175ºC H R1288-01 Circular Cage/10d 14 1800v 175ºC H R1288-14 Circular Cage/10d TB 1800v 200ºC H R1288-15 Circular Cage/10d 14 1800v 200ºC T 9110B Circular Cage/10d TB/12 2300v 175ºC B C31016G-90 Circular Cage/10d FL 2000v 90ºC B C31016G Circular Cage/10d FL 2000v 150ºC B C31016H Circular Cage/10d FL 2000v 175ºC B S(C)83051C Circular Cage/10d 14 1800v 90ºC B S(C)83051D Circular Cage/10d 14 1800v 150ºC B S(C)83051E Circular Cage/10d 14 1800v 175ºC B S(C)83065C Circular Cage/10d 14 2000v 90ºC B S(C)83065D Circular Cage/10d 14 2000v 150ºC B S(C)83065E Circular Cage/10d 14 2000v 175ºC Ph XP3106 Circular Cage/10d 14 1800v 130ºC
3/4 Inch Tubes (19 mm)
H R750 Linear/10d 12 1250v 50ºC H R1166 Linear/10d 12 1250v 50ºC H R1450 Linear/10d 12 1800v 50ºC H R1213 Linear/10d 12 1800v 50ºC H R1281-04 Linear/10d TB 1800v 90ºC H R1281-06 Linear/10d 12 1800v 90ºC H R1281 Linear/10d TB 1800v 175ºC H R1281-02 Linear/10d 12 1800v 175ºC H R3991 Circular Cage/10d TB 1800v 175ºC T 9078B Linear Focus/10d 12 1250v 60ºC R 7767 Linear?/10d FL 1500v 75ºC R/B 4516* Linear/10d FL 1800v 85ºC P XP1911 Linear Focus/10d 12 1900v 50/80ºC Am/Ph XP1918 Linear Focus/10d 12 1900v 50/80ºC Ph XP2806 Linear Focus/10d 12 1500v 130ºC
*There are reports that the RCA 4516 will operate at somewhat higher than its rated temperature.
1/2 Inch Tubes (13 / 14 mm)
H R647 Linear/10d 13 1250v 50ºC H R1591-04 Linear/10d TB 1800v 90ºC H R1591-06 Linear/10d 13 1800v 90ºC H R1591 Linear/10d TB 1800v 175ºC H R1591-01 Linear/10d 13 1800v 175ºC H R4177-01 Linear/10d 13 1800v 175ºC
Temperature Conversion Manufacturer Links
40ºC = 104ºF A - Adit (Was SRC Labs.) 50ºC = 122ºF Am - Amperex (See Photonis.) 60ºC = 140ºF B - Burle (RCA pre-1987, now Photonis.) 70ºC = 158ºF C - Centronic 75ºC = 167ºF D - DuMont 80ºC = 176ºF E - Electron Tubes, Inc. (Was Thorn EMI.) 85ºC = 185ºF H - Hamamatsu 90ºC = 194ºF P - Philips (See Photonis [since 1997].) 130ºC = 266ºF Ph - Photonis (Was Philips, Amperex, RTC.) 150ºC = 302ºF R - RCA (See Burle.) 175ºC = 347ºF S - SRC Labs (See Adit.) 200ºC = 392ºF T - Thorn EMI (See Electron Tubes, Inc.)
See our
PMT Voltage Divider Schematics and Bob Baer's Temperature Chart (pdf file).
High Voltage Regulators
(Replace the Victoreen Corotron)
Visit ScarceComponents.com
FTC Disclosure: Neither AnaLog Services, Inc. nor the author has an economic interest in any of the companies or products discussed above, and no monetary compensation was received. Free samples were received from various manufacturers. None of the manufacturers / distributors was aware this page would be written.
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